LDL Cholesterol: What a High or Low LDL Level Means

LDL stands for low-density lipoprotein. It is a particle that carries cholesterol from your liver out to your body's cells. Because it can deposit cholesterol in artery walls, it is often called "bad" cholesterol.

Not all LDL is the same. Smaller, denser LDL particles may be more concerning than larger, fluffy ones. Standard blood tests measure the total amount of LDL cholesterol, not the particle size or number.

Higher LDL levels, especially when sustained over years, are associated with atherosclerosis, the process that narrows arteries and raises the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Your target LDL depends on your overall cardiovascular risk. People with diabetes, smoking, high blood pressure, or a family history of early heart disease usually need lower LDL targets.

Your liver makes most of your LDL. Dietary saturated fat, trans fat, and refined carbohydrates can raise LDL in many people. Soluble fiber, plant sterols, nuts, and unsaturated fats tend to help lower it.

Genetics, thyroid function, kidney and liver health, diet, exercise, body weight, smoking, alcohol, age, sex, and medications can all influence LDL. Men tend to develop elevated LDL earlier in life; women often see a rise after menopause.